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CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
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1
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The Historical Underpinnings Of Bankruptcy — A Very Brief Primer
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2 |
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The Genesis Of U.S. Bankruptcy Law |
3
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| Working De?nition Of “Bankruptcy” And “Reorganization”
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4 |
| Why Are You Reading This Book?
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4 |
| Standard Lawyerly Cautionary Information |
6 |
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CHAPTER TWO: Chapter II: The Reorganization Process |
7 |
The “Bankruptcy Code”: What Is A “Chapter 11 Bankruptcy”?
What Is A “Chapter 7 Bankruptcy”? What Do People Mean
When They Throw Around “Code Sections” In Conversation?
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7 |
| Who Is Eligible For Chapter 11 Reorganization? |
9 |
| What’s All This Talk About “Cross-Border Insolvencies?” |
10 |
| Getting The Process Started |
10 |
| What’s This “Insolvency” Thing? |
11 |
The “Pecking Order”—
Payment Priorities In Reorganization Cases
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12 |
| The “Secured Creditor" |
12 |
| The “Administrative And Priority Claimants” |
12 |
| The “General Unsecured Creditors” |
12 |
| The “The Equityholders: |
13 |
| The The "Off Balance Sheet Creditors” |
13 |
| The The “Reorganization Process” |
13 |
“It’s A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World” —
The Reorganization Process As Popular Entertainment
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14 |
What Exactly Is The Reorganization
Process Designed To Accomplish?
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16 |
| Allow For A Cooling Of Tempers |
17 |
| Allow The Debtor’s Business A Chance To Stabilize |
17 |
| Level The Playing Field |
17 |
| Allow For And Encourage Financial and Operational Introspection |
17 |
| Allow Alliances To Form |
17 |
| Allow A Consensus To Build |
17 |
| Assist With "Holdouts" |
18 |
| Centralize Disputes |
18 |
| Allow For Plan Formulation And Con?rmation |
18 |
| The Odds (How The Deck Is Stacked) |
18 |
| The Players And Their Roles |
19 |
| The DIP |
20 |
| The Secured Creditors |
21 |
| The Official Unsecured Creditors Committee |
22 |
| The Official Equityholders Committee |
23 |
| “Ad Hoc” Committees |
23 |
| Parties To “Executory Contracts And Unexpired Leases" |
24 |
| The Examiner |
25 |
| The Trustee |
25 |
| The U.S. Trustee |
26 |
| The Bankruptcy Court |
26 |
| The District Court And Appellate Courts |
27 |
| The “Interlopers” |
28 |
| The Professional Team |
29 |
The “Proactive” versus “Reactive” Reorganization Cases —
The Need For A Viable Exit Strategy
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36 |
The Three Phases Of An Exit Strategy —
“Identi?cation,” “Action Items,” And “Implementation”
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37 |
The Ultimate In Proactive Bankruptcies:
The “Prepackaged Bnkruptcy"
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39 |
| CHAPTER THREE: The New Realities |
41 |
| Making The Transitions—Attitudinal Adjustments |
41 |
| The Reorganization “Inverted Bell Curve” |
42 |
| The Elastic Concept Of Time In Chapter 11 Reorganizations |
43 |
| The Personal Toll |
43 |
| Prepare For The Inevitable Personal Attacks |
43 |
| New Stresses On Management |
43 |
| "Hand Holding" |
43 |
| “A Death In The Family” |
44 |
| Executive Compensation |
44 |
| Need To Be Accessible To Your Professional Team And Creditor Constituencies |
44 |
| Just Whom Does My Lawyer Represent Anyway? |
45 |
| Going To Court Early To Get The “Lay Of The Land” |
46 |
| “Show Me The Money!” |
46 |
| The “Sacrificial Lambs" |
47 |
| Life In A Fishbowl (Including The Ultimate Fishing
Expedition— The “2004 Examination”) |
47 |
| Your New Business Partners — Everybody’s Got An Opinion |
48 |
| Keeping The World Informed |
48 |
| Working With Committees |
48 |
| The Company IS In Play — Live With It |
49 |
| The “Revlon Duty To Shop” |
49 |
| The “Predatory Constituents” |
50 |
Protecting The Franchise:
Confidentiality Agreements And “Chinese Walls"
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50 |
| So Explain Again Why I Decided To Make This Trip? |
51 |
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CHAPTER FOUR: Surviving To Plan Confirmation |
52 |
| The Venue Game |
52 |
| The “Order For Relief ” — Let The Games Begin! |
55 |
| The “Estate” — What Exactly Is It? |
56 |
| The Automatic Stay |
57 |
| Scope (The Good News) |
57 |
| Exceptions (The Bad News) |
60 |
| Relief From Stay And The Concept Of “Adequate Protection” |
61 |
| First Day Orders |
65 |
| The Beauty Of “Interim Orders” And “Negative Notice” |
67 |
“Excuse Me, But Your Golden Parachute Has Some Rust On It” —   Management Severance In Corporate Restructurings |
68 |
Packages For Non-Senior Level People —   Pre-BAPCPA and post BAPCPA |
70 |
Preconfirmation Severance And Indemnity
  Arrangements For Senior Level Executives — Pre-BAPCPA |
70 |
BAPCPA Changes To Post-Bankruptcy Severance/Retention Arrangements |
72 |
Postconfirmation Severance And Indemnity Arrangements For Senior Level Executives |
76 |
Bankruptcy Court Approval Of All Severance Arrangements Is Necessary |
77 |
| Financing The Preconfirmation Operations |
77 |
| Cash Collateral Use |
78 |
| DIP Financing |
82 |
| Stabilizing The Business Operations |
86 |
| Reestablishment Of Trade Terms And Credit |
86 |
| “Ordinary Course” Transactions |
87 |
| Reporting Requirements And Other Annoyances |
87 |
| Statements And Schedules |
88 |
| Interim Operating Reports |
92 |
| Dealing With Utility Companies |
93 |
| Dealing With The SEC |
94 |
| Dealing With D&O Lawsuits |
95 |
| Protecting The D&O Insurance Policy |
95 |
| Securities Fraud Claims Injunctions |
95 |
| Dealing With The “Special Claims” |
95 |
| The EPA And Environmental Cleanup Claims |
96 |
| The PBGC and Underfunded Pension Plans |
97 |
| “PACA” — It’s Not Just For Breakfast Anymore |
99 |
| Personal Liability For Unpaid Withholding Taxes |
99 |
| Transfer Taxes |
100 |
| Reclamation Claims |
100 |
| Retiree Benefits And Collective Bargaining Agreements |
101 |
| Sale Of Assets |
101 |
| Sales “Free And Clear” |
102 |
| Credit Bids |
102 |
| Every Sale Is An Auction Sale |
102 |
| The “Strong Arm” Powers — Speak Softly But Carry A Big Stick |
104 |
| Preferences |
104 |
| Fraudulent Converyances |
106 |
| Avoidance of “Secret Liens” |
107 |
| The DIP As The “Hypothetical Bona Fide Purchaser" |
108 |
| Post-Bankruptcy Transactions |
108 |
| Dealing With Executory Contracts And Unexpired Leases |
109 |
| What Is an “Executory Contract”? |
109 |
| Assumption Or Rejection |
111 |
| The “Special” Contracts |
113 |
| Licenses Of Intellectual Property |
113 |
| Shopping Center Leases |
114 |
| Airport Landing Slots |
114 |
| Timeshare Agreements |
115 |
| Collective Bargaining Agreements |
115 |
| Retiree Benefits |
115 |
Bankruptcy Court Jurisdiction (And Limitations On That Jurisdiction) |
116 |
| Jurisdiction Over Assets |
116 |
| “Core” Versus “Non-Core” Matters |
117 |
| State Entities And The Seminole Tribe Problem |
118 |
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CHAPTER FIVE: The Plan Of Reorganization |
120 |
| Defining “Success” In Chapter 11 |
121 |
| Quantifying The Debts — The “Bar Date” Order |
122 |
| Step One: The Negotiation Process And Dynamics |
123 |
The “Used Car” Theory Of Corporate Reorganization Negotiation |
123 |
You’re Bound At The Wrists — Better Learn To Live With Each Other |
125 |
| Keeping Control — “Exclusivity” Rules! |
125 |
Understanding And Appreciating What The Constituents Want And Need |
126 |
| Step Two: Drafting The Plan Of Reorganization |
129 |
| The Component Parts Of A Plan |
130 |
| Step Three: The Disclosure Statement |
133 |
| The Necessary Components Of A Disclosure Statement |
134 |
| Disclosure Statement Projections |
135 |
| Valuations — When Is Value Not Always Value? |
135 |
| The Disclosure Statement Approval Process |
136 |
| Step Four: The Solicitation Process |
137 |
| The Logistics |
137 |
| The “Solicitation Package” |
138 |
| Who Is Entitled To Vote |
138 |
| The Concept Of “Class Voting” |
140 |
| “Bad Faith” Votes — The Concept Of “Designation Of Ballots" |
140 |
“A Card Laid Is A Card Played” — Changing Votes Once They’re Made |
141 |
| The Tabulation Process |
141 |
| Step Five: The Plan Confirmation Process |
142 |
| The Thirteen Requirements For Confirmation |
142 |
| A Word About Non-Voting Equity Securities |
145 |
| A Word About Preserving NOLs |
146 |
| Feasibility |
146 |
| “Cramdown” And The Absolute Priority Rule |
147 |
| The “Holy Grail" - Discharge |
149 |
| Exculpation and Releases |
150 |
| Step Six: “Going Effective” |
153 |
| The “The “Effective Date” |
153 |
| The Legal Effect Of A Confirmed Plan |
154 |
| “Channeling Injunctions" |
154 |
| Postconfirmation Activities |
155 |
| Plan Defaults |
155 |
| Plan Amendments And “Substantial Consummation” |
155 |
| Default Remedies |
156 |
| Serial Filings |
157 |
| The “Final Decree” |
157 |
| CHAPTER SIX: Arbitration: Ten Myths About Reorganization |
158 |
| Myth One: “You can sell assets out from under liens!” |
158 |
| Myth Two: “You can ‘cramdown’ a plan on all your creditors!” |
159 |
| Myth Three: “It’s business as usual during the case!" |
159 |
Myth Four: “Customers will never deal with a company in bankruptcy!" |
160 |
| Myth Five: “The automatic stay protects you against all evils!" |
160 |
| Myth Six: “All your contracts are re-negotiable!” |
160 |
Myth Seven: “I’m the DIP—it’s my business judgment, dammit, and I’m in control of the process!” |
161 |
Myth Eight: “What’s good for the shareholders is good for the company!" |
162 |
| Myth Nine: “The discharge clears all the company’s debts!” |
162 |
| Myth Ten: “You’ll never borrow in this town again!" |
162 |
| End Notes |
164 |
| APPENDICES: Appendix: Description |
218 |
| A: Glossary of Commonly Used Bankruptcy Terms |
218 |
| B: Hypothetical Reorganization Timeline |
258 |
| C: Sample Press Release |
263 |
| D: Voluntary Petition |
266 |
| E: Sample “First Day Orders" |
281 |
| F: Sample Key Employee Retention Program |
380 |
| G: Sample Committee Control Motion |
386 |
| H: Sample Confidentiality Agreement |
397 |
| I: Sample Cash Collateral Agreement |
401 |
| J: Sample DIP Financing Agreement |
421 |
| K: Sample Operating Report |
441 |
| L: Sample Bar Date Order |
454 |
| M: Sample “Solicitation Package" |
463 |
N: Sample Plan and Disclosure Statement — Debt-to-Equity Conversion |
478 |
| O: Sample Plan — Liquidation |
601 |
| P: Houlihan Lokey Termination Fee Study |
639 |
Q: Summary of Management Stock Incentive Plans
Implemented in Recent Restructuring
Transactions (HLHZ Report)
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