A valuable contribution to comparative historical jurisprudence and insightful
reading for historians, political scientists, and civil lawyers.
This classic of the history of French constitutional government traces the
constitutional aspects of the fortunes of France through the Roman, Frankish,
Feudal, Monarchial, and Revolutionary eras. The author, a skilled legal
historian, seeks the underlying social, economic, and political causes of legal
growth. A rich panoply of the constitutional institutions and the material and
intellectual forces that shaped those institutions.
No book reviews available.
Jean Brissaud was born on December 7, 1854 and died on August 13, 1904. He
studied law at the University of Bordeaux. He held teaching positions at the
University of Berne, Switzerland, the law faculty of Montpellier, and at the
University of Toulouse where he held the chair of General History of Law. He
authored numerous journal articles and books on legal history.
| Editorial Preface by Ernst Freund |
xxxv |
| Introduction by Harold Dexter Bazeltine |
xli |
| Introduction by Westel W. Willoughby |
xlvii |
| General Reference List of Treatises Cited |
lv |
| Table of Abbreviations Most Frequently Used |
lvii |
|
|
| INTRODUCTION |
| The Origin of the State |
| I. General Observations |
|
| 1. Society and State |
1 |
| 2. The Organic Theory of the State |
3 |
| 3. Localization of Functions |
3 |
| 4. Changes of Structure |
4 |
| 5. Interdependence of Parts |
4 |
| 6. Organs and Apparatus |
4 |
| 7. Political Forms |
5 |
| 8. Personal Government |
5 |
| 9. Social Distinctions, Classes and Castes |
6 |
| 10. How Societies Are Formed, Developed and Reproduced, and
how they Pass Away |
7 |
| 11. The Factors of Social Evolution |
8 |
| 12. Social Laws |
9 |
|
|
| II. Elementary and Composite Societies |
|
| 13. Primitive Societies |
9 |
| 14. The Clan or the "Gens" |
10 |
| 15. The Maternal "Gens" among the Iroquois |
11 |
| 16. The Celtic Clan |
11 |
| 17. The Roman "Gens" |
12 |
| 18. The "Clientele" |
12 |
| 19. The Germanic "Sippe" |
13 |
| 20. The Germanic "Retinue" |
14 |
| 21. The Tribe |
15 |
| 22. The Gallic and the Germanic Towns. Political Divisions |
15 |
| 23. Classes of Population |
16 |
| 24. The Political Function |
18 |
| 25. The Political Organs |
19 |
| 25.1 The Popular Assembly |
19 |
| 25.2 The Senate |
21 |
| 25.3. The Kings or Chiefs |
22 |
| 26. Composite Societies |
23 |
| 27. The Ancient Town and Its Revolutions |
24 |
|
|
|
CHAPTER I |
| The Roman Epoch |
| Topic 1. The Empire |
| 28. The Conquest of Gaul |
27 |
| 29. The Roman Empire |
28 |
| 30. The Central Power |
28 |
| 31. The Later Empire |
30 |
| 32. The Representatives of the Central Power |
30 |
| 33. Officialdom ("Functionarism"), Separation of
Powers and the Hierarchy |
31 |
|
|
| Topic 2. Justice, Army, Finances |
| 34. Justice |
32 |
| 35. Military Institutions |
33 |
| 36. Finances |
35 |
| 37. Same: Revenue |
35 |
| 38. Direct Taxes |
36 |
| 39. The Later Empire |
37 |
| 40. Indirect Taxes |
37 |
| 41. Appendices |
38 |
|
|
| Topic 3. The Province |
| 42. The Province |
38 |
| 43. Provincial Assemblies |
39 |
|
|
| Topic 4. The City |
| 44. The Municipal Regime |
40 |
| 45. The City or "Municipium" |
41 |
| 46. Resume |
43 |
| 47. Decadence of the Municipal Regime |
44 |
|
|
| Topic 5. Status of Persons |
| 48. Class Systems |
46 |
| 49. Functionaries |
46 |
| 50. The Senatorial Class |
47 |
| 51. Associations of Laborers |
47 |
| 51.1. Under the Later Empire |
48 |
| 52. The "Colonoat" Status of the "Coloni" |
49 |
| 53. How One Became a "Colonus" and how He Ceased
to be One |
50 |
| 54. Origin of the "Colonat" |
51 |
| 55. Causes |
51 |
|
|
| Topic 6. Land Ownership |
| 56. Roman Theory |
53 |
| 57. Large Estates |
53 |
| 58. Mode of Exploitation |
54 |
| 59. The "Emphyteose" |
54 |
| 60. Formation |
55 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Conclusion |
| 61. The Decadence of the Empire |
56 |
| 62. The Potens and the Patrocinia Vicorum |
57 |
|
|
| CHAPTER II |
| The Frankish Or Barbarian Epoch.
Political Institutions |
| Topic 1. The Frankish Monarchy |
| 63. Introductory Remarks |
61 |
| 63.1. Establishment of the Barbarians in Roman Gaul |
61 |
| 63.2. Immediate Consequences of the Invasion. were the Roman
Gauls Reduced to a State of Slavery? |
62 |
| 63.3 Were the Roman Gauls Dispossessed of their Lands? |
62 |
| 63.4. Inequality of the "Wergeld" |
63 |
| 63.5. Public Taxes |
63 |
| 64. The Frankish Monarchy |
63 |
| 65. The German chief |
64 |
| 66. Personal Power |
65 |
| 67. The King's Peace and the Royal "Mundium" |
66 |
| 68. The King's Ban |
68 |
| 69. The Successor of the Roman Emperors |
68 |
| 70. The Oath of Fidelity |
69 |
| 71. The Elect of the Church. The Anointing and the
Coronation |
70 |
| 72. Kings by the Grace of God |
71 |
| 73. Change of Dynasties. Substitution of the Carolingians
for the Merovingians |
73 |
| 74. Temporal Power of the Popes. Pepin Defender of the Holy
See |
74 |
| 75. The Reestablishment of the Western Empire |
75 |
| 76. Consequences |
76 |
| 77. Universal Monarchy and Christendom |
77 |
| 78. The Papacy and the Empire |
77 |
| 79. The Elective Principle and the Capetians |
78 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Nation |
| 80. The Nation. Popular Assemblies. The March Encampments
("Champs de Mars") and the May Encampments ("Champs de
Mai") |
79 |
| 81. Assemblies of the Notables. Carolingian Courts |
80 |
| 82. The Legislative Power of the King |
81 |
|
|
| Topic 3. The Central
Administration |
| 83. The Court |
82 |
| 84. The "Antrustions" |
82 |
| 85. The Mayor of the Palace |
83 |
| 86. The Counts Palatine |
84 |
| 87. The Royal Chancellery |
84 |
| 88. The Administration of the Domain |
85 |
| 89. The Personal Service of the King |
86 |
| 90. The Council of the King |
86 |
|
|
| Topic 4. Provincial
Administration |
| 91. Functionaries according to the Salic Law |
87 |
| 92. The Public Function |
88 |
| 93. The "Pagus" Or County |
90 |
| 94. The Count |
90 |
| 95. Subordinates of the Count |
92 |
| 95.1. The Viscount |
93 |
| 96. The Merovingian Dukes |
93 |
| 97. The Hundred |
94 |
| 98. The Centurion or Provost |
95 |
| 99. The "Missi Dominici" |
95 |
| 99.1. Origin |
95 |
| 99.2. Organization under the Carolingians |
96 |
| 99.3. Powers |
96 |
| 99.4. Decadence of the Institution |
97 |
|
|
| Topic 5. Military Organization |
| 100. The Armed Forces |
96 |
|
|
| Topic 6. Finances |
|
| 101. Finances among the Germans |
99 |
| 102. Persistence of Roman Taxes |
100 |
| 103. Indirect Taxes |
100 |
| 104. Corvees, Lodgement, Subsistence |
101 |
| 105. Germanic Institutions |
102 |
| 106. The Domain of the King |
102 |
| 107. The Right of Coinage |
103 |
| 108. Feudalization of Taxation |
103 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Justice. Judicial
Organization and Procedure |
| A. Judicial Organization |
| 109. Classes of Tribunals |
104 |
| 110. Popular Justice |
104 |
| 111. The "Rachimbourgs" |
105 |
| 112. Royal Justice |
106 |
| 112.1. Ordinary Jurisdictions: the Count and the Centurion |
106 |
| 112.2. The Tribunal of the King |
108 |
| 113. The Jurisdiction of the King's Court |
109 |
| 113.1. Original Jurisdiction |
109 |
| 113.2. Appellate Jurisdiction |
110 |
|
|
| B. Procedure |
| 114. The Regime of Private Vengeance and of
Composition |
111 |
| 115. Primitive Procedure |
113 |
| 115.1. Extra Judicial Procedure |
113 |
| 115.2. Judicial Procedure |
114 |
| 116. Proof |
116 |
| 116.1. Written Testimony |
116 |
| 116.2. System of Negative Proofs |
117 |
| 117. The Carolingian Inquest |
119 |
| 118. The Purgatory Cath |
120 |
| 119. Judicial Trials or Ordeals |
122 |
| 120. The Judicial Combat |
123 |
|
|
| Chapter III |
| The Frankish or Barbarian
Epoch. Origins of the Feudal Regime |
| Topic 1. Immunity |
| 121. Roman Immunity |
126 |
| 122. Frankish Immunity |
127 |
| 122.1. Negative Effects |
127 |
| 122.2 Positive Effects |
128 |
| 123. Patrimonial Courts |
128 |
| 124. Causes which produce the Immunity |
130 |
|
|
| Topic 2. Status of Persons |
| 125. In General |
130 |
| 126. The Slaves |
131 |
| 127. Negro Slavery in the Colonies |
134 |
| 128. The Emancipated Class |
135 |
| 129. The Agricultural Class |
136 |
| 129.1. The Dues |
137 |
| 129.2. Services |
138 |
| 130. The "Lites" or "Lides" |
138 |
| 131. Seignoirage and Vassalage |
138 |
| 132. How One Became a Vassal |
138 |
| 133. Obligations of Vassal |
139 |
| 134. Duties of the Seignior |
140 |
| 135. Was the Vassal Subject to the Ordinary Obligations
which Free Men Owed the State? |
140 |
| 136. Origin and Development of Vassalage |
141 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Status of Lands |
| 137. In General |
142 |
| 138. Tenancy at Will (Precaire) |
143 |
| 138.1. Constitution |
144 |
| 138.2. Effects |
144 |
| 139. The Benefice |
145 |
| 140. Donations of the French Kings |
146 |
| 141. The Origin of the Military Benefice |
146 |
| 142. How the Benefice Was Created |
147 |
| 143. Obligations of the Recipient of the Benefice |
147 |
| 144. Rights of the Recipient of the Benefice |
148 |
| 145. How Did the Benefices Become Hereditary? |
148 |
| 146. Heredity of Offices |
149 |
|
|
| CHAPTER IV |
| The Church Under the
"Ancient Regime." (The Frankish, Feudal and Monarchical Epochs) |
| Topic 1. Constitution of the
Christian Church |
| 147. Political Evolution of the Church |
152 |
| 148. The Catholic Monarchy |
154 |
| 149. The Reformation |
155 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Clergy |
| 150. The Central Government of the Church |
156 |
| 151. Ecumenical Councils |
156 |
| 152. Bishops, Metropolitans, and Primates |
157 |
| 153. Episcopal Elections |
157 |
| 154. Powers of the Bishops |
159 |
| 155. The Diocesan Clergy |
160 |
| 156. The "Chorepiscopus" |
161 |
| 157. The Clergy in General |
161 |
| 158. Personal Immunity |
162 |
| 159. Appendix. Local Immunity or Right of Sanctuary |
163 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Establishments of
Religious Utility, Monasteries, Hospitals, and Schools |
| 160. The Regular Clergy |
164 |
| 161. Civil Death of the Monks. Results |
165 |
| 162. Public Assistance |
166 |
| 163. Public Education |
168 |
|
|
| Topic 4. The Budget of the
Church |
| 164. The Tithe; Origin; How the Tithe Became Obligatory |
168 |
| 165. In what the Tithe Consisted |
169 |
| 166. To what Church Was the Tithe Payable? |
170 |
| 167. The Great Tithe Owners |
170 |
| 168. Enfeoffed Tithes |
170 |
| 169. Evaluation of the Tithe |
170 |
| 170. Obligations and surplice Fees |
171 |
| 171. Property of the Church. Constitution of the
Ecclesiastical Patrimony |
172 |
| 172. The Regime to which the Estates of the Church Were
Subject |
173 |
| 173. Ecclesiastical Benefices |
174 |
| 174. Ecclesiastical Possessions and the Feudal Law |
176 |
| 175. Ecclesiastical Estates and the Monarchy |
177 |
| 176. Real Immunity |
178 |
| 177. The Regalia |
179 |
| 178. Ecclesiastical Tithes. Free Gifts |
180 |
| 179. The Law of the Revolution. Conversion of Ecclesiastical
Property into National Property |
181 |
|
|
| Topic 5. Ecclesiastical Justice |
| 180. Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction. Origin |
182 |
| 181. Composition of the Ecclesiastical Tribunals |
184 |
| 182. Competence of the Ecclesiastical Tribunals |
185 |
| 182.1. Ratione personae |
185 |
| 182.2. Ratione materiae |
187 |
| 183. Decadence of the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction |
189 |
|
|
| Topic 6. Heretics and Jews |
|
| 184. In General |
191 |
| 185. Paganism |
191 |
| 186. Heretics |
192 |
| 187. The Inquisition |
192 |
| 188. The Protestants |
194 |
| 189. Liberty of Conscience |
196 |
| 190. The Jews |
197 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Relations of Church and
State |
| 191. The Priesthood and the Empire |
199 |
| 192. Theocratic Systems |
200 |
| 193. Imperialists. Gallicans |
201 |
| 194. St. Thomas and the Theologians after the 1300s |
202 |
| 195. The Holy See and the Frankish Royalty |
202 |
| 196. Catholicism, the State Religion |
205 |
| 197. The French Revolution. Civil Constitution of the Clergy |
207 |
|
|
| CHAPTER V |
| The Feudal Period, the Feudal
State, Seigniories and Communes |
|
|
| In General |
210 |
|
|
| Topic 1. General Characteristics
of the Feudal System and Sketch of its Evolution |
| 198. Division of the Sovereignty |
210 |
| 199. Constitution of Land-ownership and the Political Powers |
211 |
| 200. The Hierarchy of Fief Possessors |
212 |
| 201. Causes of the Establishment of Feudalism |
213 |
| 202. Appreciation of the Feudal System |
213 |
| 203. Decadence of the Feudal System |
214 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Seigniories |
|
| 204. In General |
215 |
| 205. Right of Peace and of War. Feudal Armies |
215 |
| 206. The Chronicles |
216 |
| 207. The King |
217 |
| 208. The Legislative Power |
218 |
| 209. The Administration |
218 |
| 210. Seigniorial Courts |
219 |
| 211. "Fief and Justice have Nothing in Common" |
220 |
| 212. Superior and Inferior Jurisdiction; "Medium"
Jurisdiction; Land Jurisdiction |
222 |
| 213. Organization of Seigniorial Courts |
223 |
| 214. Judgment by Peers |
223 |
| 215. Feudal Procedure |
225 |
| 216. Decadence of the Seigniorial Courts |
225 |
| 217. Royal Cases |
225 |
| 218. Priority ("Prevention") |
226 |
| 219. Appeal |
227 |
| 220. All Justice Emanated from the King |
230 |
| 221. The Right of Coining Money |
231 |
| 222. Seigniorial Finance. Feudal Dues |
232 |
| 223. Dues Collected by the Seignior by Virtue of His
Proprietorship |
233 |
| 224. Judicial Fees or Fees Exacted by the Seignior in His
Character as Sovereign |
234 |
| 225. Aids, the "Taille," Lodging and Subsistence
("gite et procuration") |
236 |
| 226. Taxes on Trade and Industry, Tolls |
236 |
| 227. "Banalites" |
237 |
| 228. Waters and Forests |
238 |
| 229. Origin, Legitimacy, and Decadence of Feudal Rights |
240 |
| 230. The Product of Feudal Dues |
241 |
| 231. Abolition of Feudal Rights |
241 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Towns and Communes |
| 232. Introductory |
242 |
| 233. Emancipation of the Towns |
243 |
| 234. What were the Causes? |
243 |
| 235. Fairs and Markets |
245 |
| 236. Privileged Towns |
247 |
| 237. Transition to Communes |
248 |
| 238. "Echevinat" and Guilds |
248 |
| 239. The Commune |
249 |
| 240. General Assemblies, The Great Council |
251 |
| 241. The Municipal Magistracy |
251 |
| 242. Consular Towns |
252 |
| 243. Seigniorial Rights of the Communes and Consular Towns |
253 |
| 244. The Policy of the Throne in Respect to the Communes |
254 |
| 245. The Overthrow of Municipal Liberties |
255 |
|
|
| CHAPTER VI |
| The Feudal Period (Continued).
Status of Lands |
| 246. Introduction |
258 |
|
|
| Topic 1. The Fief |
| 247. General Notions |
259 |
| 248. Division of the Seigniorial Domain |
260 |
| 249. The Constitution of the Fief (Infeudation) |
262 |
| 250. Fealty and Homage |
262 |
| 251. Liege Homage |
264 |
| 252. The Investiture |
264 |
| 253. Avowal and Enumeration |
264 |
| 254. The Capacity to Grant a Fief |
265 |
| 255. The Capacity to Receive a Fief |
265 |
| 256. The Object |
265 |
| 257. The Effects of Infeudation |
266 |
| 258. Obligations of the Seignior |
266 |
| 259. Obligations of the Vassal |
266 |
| 260. Services. I. Military Services |
267 |
| 261. Rights of the Seignior and of the Vassal over the Fief |
269 |
| 262. Transmission of Fiefs "Morta Causa" |
269 |
| 263. Plurarity of Heirs |
271 |
| 264. By what Title Did the Eldest Son and the Younger Sons
Have a Portion of the Fief? |
275 |
| 265. Women |
275 |
| 266. Minors |
276 |
| 267. Alienation "inter vivos" |
277 |
| 268. Feudal Redemption or Retention |
278 |
| 269. The Mutation Fee |
278 |
| 270. Dismemberment of Fief Prohibited |
278 |
| 271. Alienation of the Fief to a Vaillcin ("Roturier") |
279 |
| 272. Alienation in Mortmain |
280 |
| 273. Rupture of the Bond between the Seignior and the Vassal
and the Sanction of Feudal Obligation |
280 |
| 274. Forfeiture |
280 |
| 275. Feudal Seizure |
281 |
| 276. By a fine |
282 |
| 277. Conclusion. Abolition of Fiefs |
282 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Copyhold ("Censive") |
| 278. In General |
283 |
| 279. Formation |
285 |
| 280. Effects |
286 |
| 281. Transmission of the Copyhold |
288 |
| 281.1. "Mortis Causa" |
288 |
| 281.2. "Inter Vivos" |
288 |
| 282. Ground Rents |
289 |
| 283. The Law of the Revolution |
290 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Servile Tenures |
|
|
| Topic 4. The Alod |
| 284. General Notions |
291 |
| 285. Feudalism and the Alod |
292 |
| 286. The Royal Power and the Alod |
293 |
| 287. The Revolution |
293 |
| 288. The "Frank-Almoign" |
294 |
|
|
| CHAPTER VII |
| The Feudal Period (Continued)
Status of Persons |
| 289. Classes of Persons |
295 |
|
|
| Topic 1. The Nobility |
| 290. Character and Origin of the Feudal Nobility |
296 |
| 291. How One Became a Noble |
297 |
| 292. How Nobility Was Lost |
300 |
| 293. Titles of the Nobility |
300 |
| 294. The Personal Privileges of Nobles during the
Monarchical Period |
303 |
| 295. The Nobility in 1789 |
304 |
|
|
| Topic 2. "Roturiers" |
| 296. The "Roturiers" |
305 |
| 297. The Bourgeoisie |
306 |
| 298. How One Became a Bourgeoisie |
307 |
| 299. How One Ceased to Be a Bourgeoisie |
308 |
| 300. The Personal Bourgeoisie |
308 |
| 301. The Trade Guilds or Corporations of Artisans and
Merchants |
308 |
| 302. Members of the Corporations |
310 |
| 303. Internal Organizations of the Corporation |
312 |
| 304. Diverse Functions of the Corporations |
313 |
| 305. Turgot and the Constituent Assembly |
315 |
|
|
| Topic 3. The Serfs |
| 306. Origin |
316 |
| 307. How One Became a Serf |
317 |
| 308. How One Ceased to be a serf |
318 |
| 309. The Condition of the Serfs |
318 |
| 310. Pursuit |
320 |
| 311. "Formariage" (Marriage between Serfs
belonging to different Seigniors) |
320 |
| 312. Dues |
321 |
| 313. The Seigniorial "Corvee" |
321 |
| 314. Mortmain |
322 |
| 315. Servile Communities |
324 |
| 316. Mitigation of the Condition of the Serfs |
325 |
| 217. How and When Serfdom Disappeared |
325 |
| 218. The Peasants in 1789 |
327 |
|
|
| CHAPTER VIII |
| The Period of Monarchy. The
Constitutional Monarchy |
| Topic 1. The Royal Power |
| 319. The Constitution |
330 |
| 320. The Feudal Monarchy |
332 |
| 321. The Absolute Monarchy |
333 |
| 322. The Limited Monarchy |
334 |
| 323. Extent and Character of the Sovereignty |
335 |
| 324. Political Rights |
337 |
| 325. Individual Rights |
338 |
|
|
| Topic 2. Transmission of the Royal Power |
|
| 326. Transmission of the Royal Power |
341 |
| 327. Indivisibility of the Kingdom |
342 |
| 328. Right of Primogeniture |
343 |
| 329. Exclusion of Women |
343 |
| 330. Extinction of the Dynasty |
344 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Acquisition and Loss of
the Crown |
| 331. The Coronation |
345 |
| 332. Seizin |
347 |
| 333. Effects of the Acquisition |
347 |
| 334. Loss of the Crown |
348 |
|
|
| Topic 4. Exercise of the
Sovereignty |
| 335. Exercise of the Royal Power |
349 |
| 336. The Majority of the King |
349 |
| 337. The Appointment of the Regent |
350 |
| 338. Powers of the Regent |
351 |
|
|
| Topic 5. The Royal Family |
| 339. The Royal Family |
352 |
| 340. The Queen |
352 |
| 341. The Dauphin |
353 |
| 342. Other Members of the Royal Family |
353 |
|
|
| Topic 6. The Court |
| 343. Its Composition |
354 |
| 344. The Ceremonial |
354 |
| 345. Political Roles of the Court |
355 |
|
|
| CHAPTER IX |
| The Monarchical Period
(Continued) The States-General and the Provincial Estates |
| 346. The Legislative Power |
356 |
|
|
| Topic 1. The States-General |
| 347. Origin |
359 |
| 348. History |
361 |
| 349. Election |
361 |
| 350. The Definitive System |
363 |
| 351. Nobility and Clergy |
364 |
| 352. The Third Estate |
364 |
| 353. Sessions of the Estates |
365 |
| 354. Powers of the Estates |
367 |
| 355. Conclusion |
369 |
|
|
| Topic 2. Assemblies of Notables |
| 356. The Assemblies of the Notables |
371 |
|
|
| Topic 3. The Provincial Estates |
| 357. Origin |
371 |
| 358. The Composition of the Provincial Estates |
372 |
| 359. Powers of the Estates |
373 |
| 360. The Estates of Languedoc |
373 |
| 361. Decadence |
375 |
|
|
| Topic 4. Provincial Assemblies |
| 362. Provincial Assemblies under Louis XVI |
376 |
|
|
| CHAPTER X |
| The Monarchical Period (Contined)
the Central Administration |
| Topic I. The Deliberative Organ,
the Council of the King |
| 363. The Council of the King, Origin |
378 |
| 364. From the 1300s to the 1400s |
380 |
| 365. Definitive Organization |
382 |
| 366. Powers of the Council in General |
385 |
| 367. The Powers of the Privy Council |
386 |
| 368. Polysynods |
387 |
| 369. The Law of the Revolution |
387 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Executive Organ.
The Ministry |
| 370. The Public Functions |
388 |
| 371. The Ministry |
390 |
| 372. Offices of the Court during the Feudal Period |
391 |
| 373. High Functionaries of the Absolute Monarchy |
393 |
| 374. The Superintendent, later the Comptroller General of
Finances |
394 |
| 375. The Secretaries of State |
395 |
| 376. Lack of Unity |
398 |
|
|
| CHAPTER XI |
| Monarchical Period (Continued)
Local Administration |
| 377. In General |
400 |
|
|
| Topic 1. The Bailiwicks and
Seneschalsips |
| 378. Provosts (North) and "Viguiers" (South) |
400 |
| 379. Bailiffs (in the North) Seneschials (in the South)
Origins |
401 |
| 380. Powers of the Bailiffs |
403 |
| 381. Same: Decadence of the Institution |
404 |
|
|
| Topic2. The "Goverments" |
| 382. The Governors |
405 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Taxing District
("Generalities") |
| 383. The Intendants |
406 |
| 384. Origin |
407 |
| 385. Powers |
408 |
| 386. Police |
409 |
| 387. Finances |
410 |
| 388. Estimation of the Role of the Intendants |
411 |
| 389. Police |
412 |
| 390. The Provosts of the Marbals |
413 |
|
|
| Topic 4. Cities and Villages |
| 391. The Cities |
413 |
| 392. Municipal Elections |
415 |
| 393. The Town Corporation |
416 |
| 394. Municipal Revenues and Expenses |
418 |
| 395. Communities of Inhabitants |
420 |
| 396. The Assemblies |
421 |
| 397. The Syndic |
422 |
| 398. Revenues and Expenses |
422 |
| 399. Councils of Notables |
423 |
| 400. The Parish |
424 |
|
|
| CHAPTER XII |
| The Monarchical Period
(Continued) Judicial Organization |
| Topic 1. In General |
| 401. All Justice Emanated from the King |
427 |
| 402. Reserved Justice |
428 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Parliaments |
| 403. The Parliament of Paris |
432 |
| 404. Internal Organization |
437 |
| 405. The Great Chamber |
438 |
| 406. The Court of Inquests |
439 |
| 407. The Court of Requests |
439 |
| 408. The "Tournelle" |
440 |
| 409. The Chamber of the Edict |
440 |
| 410. Judicial Powers of the Parliament |
440 |
| 411. What Cases Did it Judge |
441 |
| 412. Conflicts with the Other Supreme Courts |
442 |
| 413. Administrative Powers of the Parliament |
442 |
|
|
| Topic 3. Parliaments of the
Provinces |
| 414. Causes which Led tot the Creation of Provincial
Parliaments |
443 |
| 415. Equality and Indivisibility of the Parliaments |
444 |
|
|
| Topic 4. The Political Role of
the Parliaments |
| 416. Registration and Remonstrances |
445 |
| 417. Theories Concerning the Rights of the Parliament |
446 |
| 418. Measures of Constraint against the Parliaments |
449 |
| 419. Historical Survey |
449 |
|
|
|
Topic 5. Secondary Jurisdictions |
| 420. The Provosts and "Viguiers" |
451 |
| 421. The Bailiffs and Seneschals |
452 |
| 422. The Inferior Courts |
457 |
|
|
| Topic 6. The Judicial Personnel |
| 423. The Recruitment of the Parliament |
457 |
| 424. Purchasability and Heredity of Judicial Offices |
458 |
| 425. Irremovability of the Judges |
459 |
| 426. Heredity of Offices |
460 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Auxiliaries of Justice |
| 427. Advocates |
461 |
| 428. Attorneys |
464 |
| 429. The Public Attorney |
465 |
| 430. Notaries |
469 |
| 431. Recorders |
471 |
| 432. Other Officers |
471 |
|
|
| CHAPTER XIII |
| The Monarchical Period
(Continued) Financial Organization |
| Topic 1. Receipts and Expenses |
| 433. Receipts |
474 |
| 434. Expenses |
475 |
|
|
| Topic 2. The Royal Domain |
| 435. What it Embraced |
478 |
| 436. Indivisibility and Inalienability of the Crown Domain |
480 |
| 437. Exceptions to the Rule |
481 |
| 438. The Incorporeal Domain |
484 |
| 439. Money |
486 |
| 440. Mines |
486 |
| 441. Various Dues |
487 |
|
|
|
Topic 3. Establishment of Taxes |
| 442. Subsidies and Impositions |
487 |
| 442.1. In the 1300s |
488 |
| 442.2. From the Year 1355 |
490 |
| 443. English Budgetary Law |
492 |
| 444. Forms of Taxes |
493 |
|
|
| Topic 4. Direct Taxes |
| 445. The "Taille" |
494 |
| 445.1. The Real "Taille" |
495 |
| 445.2. The Personal "Taille" |
496 |
| 446. The Levy and Apportionment of the "Taille" |
496 |
| 447. The Collectors |
497 |
| 448. Criticisms |
498 |
| 449. The Royal "Corvee" |
499 |
| 450. Direct Taxes of the 1800s and 1700s |
501 |
| 451. Capitation Tax |
501 |
| 452. "Tenths" and "Twentieths" |
502 |
| 453. "Privileges" |
503 |
|
|
| Topic 5. Indirect Taxes |
| 454. The Aids |
503 |
| 455. The "Gabelle" |
504 |
| 456. The "Traites" |
506 |
| 457. The Stamp Tax |
508 |
| 458. The "Controle", the "Insinuation,"
and the "Centieme denier" |
509 |
| 459. Collection of Indirect Taxes |
510 |
| 460. The Farmers-General |
511 |
|
|
| Topic 6. The Public Debt |
| 461. The Public Debt |
514 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Financial
Administration and Jurisdictions |
| 462. Personnel of the Administration of Finances |
516 |
| 463. (A) Ordinary Finances. The Domain |
516 |
| 464. The Receivers |
517 |
| 465. The Treasures of France |
517 |
| 466. (B) Extraordinary Finances. Division of the kingdom
into "Elections" and "Generalities" |
518 |
| 467. Confusion of Ordinary and Extraordinary Finances |
520 |
| 468. The Chamber of Accounts. Origin. |
522 |
|
|
| Topic 8. Conclusion |
| 469. Defects |
525 |
|
|
| CHAPTER XIV |
| The Monarchical Period
(Continued). Military Organization |
| 470. Feudal Troops, Mercenaries, and the Royal Army |
528 |
| 471. Method of Recruiting |
530 |
| 472. Conclusion |
531 |
| 473. The Marine |
532 |
|
|
| CHAPTER XV |
| Revolutionary Period (May 5,
1789 to March 21, 1804) |
| Topic 1. Precedents of the
Revolution |
| 474. Political Theories in the Middle Ages |
535 |
| 475. The National Sovereignty |
537 |
| 476. The Social Contract |
538 |
| 477. The "Pactum Subjectionis" |
538 |
| 478. the Representative System and Parliamentary Government |
539 |
|
|
| Topic 2. Principles of 1789 |
| 479. The Principles of 1789 |
542 |
| 480. The Constitution and Declaration |
545 |
| 481. The Principle of National Sovereignty |
546 |
| 482. The Separation of Powers |
547 |
| 483. Individual Liberties |
547 |
| 484. Political and Civil Equality |
548 |
| 485. Economic Changes (A) Freedom of Land Ownership |
549 |
| 486. The Same (B) Freedom of Trade and of Industry |
549 |
| 487. The Same (C) Literary Property |
550 |
|
|
| Topic 3. The Executive Power |
| 488. The Monarchy |
551 |
| 489. The Republic. The Convention |
551 |
| 490. The Directory and the Consulate |
552 |
|
|
| Topic 4. The Legislative Power |
| 491. The Constitution of 1791 |
552 |
| 492. Universal Suffrage. The Mountain
Constitution (Montaguard) of 1793 |
553 |
| 493. The Constitution of the 5th Fructidor,
Year III (1795) |
554 |
| 494. The Constitution of the Year VIII (22d
Frimaire) |
555 |
|
|
| Topic 5. Local Administration |
| 495. Administrative Divisions |
556 |
| 496. Collective Administrations. Anarchy |
556 |
| 497. Centralization |
557 |
| 498. The Communes |
558 |
|
|
| Topic 6. Justice |
| 499. Defects of Justice during the "Ancien
Regime" |
559 |
| 500. Under the Revolution |
559 |
| 501. The Election of the Judges |
561 |
| 502. The Principle of the Separation of Powers |
563 |
| 503. Procedure |
563 |
| 504. Criminal Legislation |
565 |
|
|
| Topic 7. Finances |
| 505. Equality in Respect to Taxation |
566 |
| 506. National Property |
568 |
| 507. The Public Debt |
569 |
|
|
| Topic 8. The Army |
| 508. The Army |
571 |
|
|
| INDEX |
573 |
